TY - JOUR ID - 73742 TI - The Formation of Samsāra and Karma Doctrine in India and its Permeation into Vedas JO - Philosophy of Religion JA - JPHT LA - en SN - 2008-7063 AU - Montazeri, Seyed Saeed Reza AU - Pezeshki, Vahid AD - Assistant Professor, Department of Religions, Farabi Campus, University of Tehran, Qom, Iran AD - Graduated from the Department of Non-Ebrahimi Religions and Beliefs, Qom University of Religions and Beliefs, Qom, Iran Y1 - 2020 PY - 2020 VL - 17 IS - 3 SP - 517 EP - 540 KW - Samsāra KW - Karma KW - Avatāra KW - Fravahar KW - Vibhava KW - India DO - 10.22059/jpht.2019.280139.1005658 N2 - The oldest written materials existing in India belong to the Vedic Aryans. It is within these works that Samasāra doctrine appears for the first time. Having lived with the indigenous people for some time, Aryan people adopted certain religious themes assimilating them into their own belief system, or substituting them for the parallel beliefs of their own culture; among those beliefs, doctrines of Fravahar, Totemism (kinship of humans with plants) and ancestor worship are plays the most part. These doctrines when  is penetrated into India are merged with the ideas of incarnation and embodiment of the gods (which are themselves rooted in Mesopotamian and Middle Eastern traditions) and the belief in totemism and are ultimately manifested as Samsāra doctrine. In this way, Gods like Viṣnu, that is closest to Samasāra, have somehow been substituted for the Arian Mithra which is most closely linked to Fravahar (manifestation) doctrine. Although Samsāra was openly expressed in Upaniṣads, there is some evidence in Vedas of the return of the soul indicating an earlier belief in Samsāra in the period before writing of Upaniṣads. UR - https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_73742.html L1 - https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_73742_83c4957f407fd2f577070427beccdc8b.pdf ER -