University of Tehran PressPhilosophy of Religion2008-706321120240712Typology and critical review of Allameh Tabatabai's definitions of religionTypology and critical review of Allameh Tabatabai's definitions of religion1139614810.22059/jpht.2024.366322.1005994FAJavadGoliDepartment of Theology and Philosophy of Religion, Imam Khomeini Educational and Research Institute, Qom, Iran0009-0003-2332-4219Journal Article20231007The definition of religion is the basis on which the solution of theological problems depends. Allameh Tabatabai is one of the most prominent contemporary theologians who has proposed several definitions for religion. Considering the importance of the correct definition of religion in theological discussions on the one hand, and the depth of the theological opinions of Allameh Tabataba'i on the other hand, it is necessary to categorize the various definitions he proposed for religion and to present and examine them in a coherent and comprehensive manner. Therefore, in this article, we have used the descriptive and analytical method and by referring to the works of Allameh Tabatabai, we have collected the definitions of religion, and then we have classified and analyzed them. He has put forward different types of definitions of religion based on the scope of the word religion, the type of attitude towards religion and the belongings of religion. Also, he has proposed and criticized some naturalistic definitions of religion. In the criticism of Allameh Tabatabai's definitions of religion, we point out some things, including the fact that Allameh's general definition of religion includes examples other than religions. His introspective definition of religion is the definition of religiousness, not the definition of religion. Allameh's sociological definition of religion is not comprehensive, and his criticism of the definition of religion as mysticism is also problematic.The definition of religion is the basis on which the solution of theological problems depends. Allameh Tabatabai is one of the most prominent contemporary theologians who has proposed several definitions for religion. Considering the importance of the correct definition of religion in theological discussions on the one hand, and the depth of the theological opinions of Allameh Tabataba'i on the other hand, it is necessary to categorize the various definitions he proposed for religion and to present and examine them in a coherent and comprehensive manner. Therefore, in this article, we have used the descriptive and analytical method and by referring to the works of Allameh Tabatabai, we have collected the definitions of religion, and then we have classified and analyzed them. He has put forward different types of definitions of religion based on the scope of the word religion, the type of attitude towards religion and the belongings of religion. Also, he has proposed and criticized some naturalistic definitions of religion. In the criticism of Allameh Tabatabai's definitions of religion, we point out some things, including the fact that Allameh's general definition of religion includes examples other than religions. His introspective definition of religion is the definition of religiousness, not the definition of religion. Allameh's sociological definition of religion is not comprehensive, and his criticism of the definition of religion as mysticism is also problematic.https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_96148_ea658ab3764e5b779de234628ddc7a43.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressPhilosophy of Religion2008-706321120240712Dasein’s Death in Light of Johannes von Tepl’s Christian HumanismDasein’s Death in Light of Johannes von Tepl’s Christian Humanism15319651010.22059/jpht.2024.367362.1006002FAMohammad JavadHaj’jariEnglish Department, Faculty of Humanities, Razi University, Kermanshah, IranJournal Article20231029Heidegger in Being and Time represents death as the culmination of Dasein in his life possibilities and considers it as a criterion in defining the totality of Dasein, its suspension of being and its stretching from birth to death, a problem that apparently has no connection with the Christian tradition. However, the explanation of death, especially in Section 48 of his magnum opus, refers to a humanistic conception of death in the late Middle Ages which was first introduced by the Czech poet Johannes von Tepl in the 15th-century poem The Plowman from Bohemia (Der Ackermann aus Böhmen). Heidegger’s particular use of a quotation from this poem in explaining Dasein’s death in Being and Time on the simultaneity of Dasein’s birth and death builds upon the humanist interpretation that Johannes presents in his poem. Johannes’ Christian humanism in rendering the relationship between humanity and death was not only gave a new interpretation of death in line with late Medieval philosophy but also played a significant role in the development of humanist thought at the beginning of the European Renaissance. Exploring Heidegger's use of Johannes’ poem in processing the concept of Dasein’s death not only makes it possible to better understand this phenomenon but also reads Heidegger's non-religious philosophical framework in defining Dasein in light of Christian humanism.Heidegger in Being and Time represents death as the culmination of Dasein in his life possibilities and considers it as a criterion in defining the totality of Dasein, its suspension of being and its stretching from birth to death, a problem that apparently has no connection with the Christian tradition. However, the explanation of death, especially in Section 48 of his magnum opus, refers to a humanistic conception of death in the late Middle Ages which was first introduced by the Czech poet Johannes von Tepl in the 15th-century poem The Plowman from Bohemia (Der Ackermann aus Böhmen). Heidegger’s particular use of a quotation from this poem in explaining Dasein’s death in Being and Time on the simultaneity of Dasein’s birth and death builds upon the humanist interpretation that Johannes presents in his poem. Johannes’ Christian humanism in rendering the relationship between humanity and death was not only gave a new interpretation of death in line with late Medieval philosophy but also played a significant role in the development of humanist thought at the beginning of the European Renaissance. Exploring Heidegger's use of Johannes’ poem in processing the concept of Dasein’s death not only makes it possible to better understand this phenomenon but also reads Heidegger's non-religious philosophical framework in defining Dasein in light of Christian humanism.https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_96510_49261af16488957a5c847bc2935f689e.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressPhilosophy of Religion2008-706321120240712Ibn Sina on God's Presence in the worldIbn Sina on God's Presence in the world33429673110.22059/jpht.2024.361362.1005985FAHoseinAsgarluPhD Student of comparative philosophy, Shahid Motahari University, Tehran, IranRezaAkbariProfessor of Islamic philosophy and theology, Imam Sadiq University, Tehran, IranRasoulRasoulipourAssociate professor of philosophy, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20230830One of the divine attributes is God's omnipresence in the universe. God's presence can be understood in various ways. One such interpretation is God's "sustaining" presence, signifying His general agency in relation to the world. According to this notion, God is the cause of both the existence and the persistence of the universe. Ibn Sina assigns a special place to the efficient cause among the four Aristotelian causes and elevates the concept of the efficient cause from a mere triggering cause to one that bestows existence. He offers two elaborations to elucidate God's effective causality with respect to the world, which are intrinsically related. These two explanations can be titled: "God's bestowal of existence upon essences" and "God's conferring of necessity upon essences." Using analytical approach in reading Ibn Sina’s works, in this article, after elucidating these two explanations, their interrelation is also clarified. Ultimately, considering Ibn Sina's hierarchical structure of beings, a kind of graded and tentative sustaining presence is derived from his philosophical system.One of the divine attributes is God's omnipresence in the universe. God's presence can be understood in various ways. One such interpretation is God's "sustaining" presence, signifying His general agency in relation to the world. According to this notion, God is the cause of both the existence and the persistence of the universe. Ibn Sina assigns a special place to the efficient cause among the four Aristotelian causes and elevates the concept of the efficient cause from a mere triggering cause to one that bestows existence. He offers two elaborations to elucidate God's effective causality with respect to the world, which are intrinsically related. These two explanations can be titled: "God's bestowal of existence upon essences" and "God's conferring of necessity upon essences." Using analytical approach in reading Ibn Sina’s works, in this article, after elucidating these two explanations, their interrelation is also clarified. Ultimately, considering Ibn Sina's hierarchical structure of beings, a kind of graded and tentative sustaining presence is derived from his philosophical system.https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_96731_af1a4168bd1e5fe8fd02fdfed71afeec.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressPhilosophy of Religion2008-706321120240712The Quran's approach to Jewish and Christian exclusivism, and investigating its indication on the authority of monotheistic religions after the rise of IslamThe Quran's approach to Jewish and Christian exclusivism, and investigating its indication on the authority of monotheistic religions after the rise of Islam43579717910.22059/jpht.2024.373317.1006032FAAliAllahbedashtiDepartment of Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Faculty of Theology, University of Qom, Qom, IranAbbasIzadpanahDepartment of Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Faculty of Theology, University of Qom, Qom, IranSeyed MortezaHosseini KashaniPhD Student in Islamic Theology, University of Qom, Qom, IranJournal Article20240304"Exclusivism" is one of the oldest and most important approaches to the authority of religions. Based on exclusivism, only one religion can guarantee the guidance and well-being of its followers at a time. On the other hand, recent pluralists believe this theory cannot properly justify the divine guidance system. Besides the rational analysis of the reasons for exclusivists and pluralists, explaining the religions' opinions on this particular issue holds high levels of importance, and because Islam is the last divine religion, presenting its view on this issue is highly important. This research has attempted to examine the verses (of the Quran) that refer to the exclusivity of Jews and Christians and focus on its connection with the exclusivity of Islam. By the end, it is concluded that there is no connection between the negation of the exclusivity of other religions and the negation of the exclusivity of Islam and to either prove or deny it, other evidence should be referred to."Exclusivism" is one of the oldest and most important approaches to the authority of religions. Based on exclusivism, only one religion can guarantee the guidance and well-being of its followers at a time. On the other hand, recent pluralists believe this theory cannot properly justify the divine guidance system. Besides the rational analysis of the reasons for exclusivists and pluralists, explaining the religions' opinions on this particular issue holds high levels of importance, and because Islam is the last divine religion, presenting its view on this issue is highly important. This research has attempted to examine the verses (of the Quran) that refer to the exclusivity of Jews and Christians and focus on its connection with the exclusivity of Islam. By the end, it is concluded that there is no connection between the negation of the exclusivity of other religions and the negation of the exclusivity of Islam and to either prove or deny it, other evidence should be referred to.https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_97179_0bd6e0de063693b3d15a74ea9ed3f3dd.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressPhilosophy of Religion2008-706321120240712God in the philosophy of Nicholas CusanusGod in the philosophy of Nicholas Cusanus59739765210.22059/jpht.2024.375044.1006040FAEbrahimRanjbarDepartment of Philosophy, Faculty of Literature and Foreign Languages, University of Allame Tabataba'i, Tehran, IranHoseinKalbasi AshtariDepartment of Philosophy, Faculty of Literature and Foreign Languages, University of Allame Tabataba'i, Tehran, IranJournal Article20240416The relationship between God and the world, or in other words, the relationship between the infinite and the finite, is the most central concept in Renaissance philosophy and occupied the minds of the thinkers of that period. The origins of this issue, in turn, go back to the efforts of philosophers and theologians to explain the relationship between God and creation in the Bible. Nicholas Cusanus is one of the thinkers who tried to solve this philosophical-theological problem and by introducing the concept of "non-other" as a new concept of God or infinity, he added a new side to the duality of "other" and "the same". In this article, an attempt has been made to first report on the relationship between God and the world in philosophy. Then the special view of Cusanus and its related concepts, such as folding and unfolding, non-otherness, and coincidence of opposites, will be examined. The roots of this type of thinking will be discussed in the thoughts of Pseud-Dionysus and Meister Eckhart. Here it will be shown that Cusanus, considering a new type of metaphysics, i.e., metaphysics of oneness, and abandoning the traditional Aristotelian metaphysics, i.e., existential metaphysics, and according to the interpretations of Meister Eckhart about creation, and the Pseud-Dionysus about God, has neutralized the duality of other-same and created the ground for the emergence of an intrinsic philosophy.The relationship between God and the world, or in other words, the relationship between the infinite and the finite, is the most central concept in Renaissance philosophy and occupied the minds of the thinkers of that period. The origins of this issue, in turn, go back to the efforts of philosophers and theologians to explain the relationship between God and creation in the Bible. Nicholas Cusanus is one of the thinkers who tried to solve this philosophical-theological problem and by introducing the concept of "non-other" as a new concept of God or infinity, he added a new side to the duality of "other" and "the same". In this article, an attempt has been made to first report on the relationship between God and the world in philosophy. Then the special view of Cusanus and its related concepts, such as folding and unfolding, non-otherness, and coincidence of opposites, will be examined. The roots of this type of thinking will be discussed in the thoughts of Pseud-Dionysus and Meister Eckhart. Here it will be shown that Cusanus, considering a new type of metaphysics, i.e., metaphysics of oneness, and abandoning the traditional Aristotelian metaphysics, i.e., existential metaphysics, and according to the interpretations of Meister Eckhart about creation, and the Pseud-Dionysus about God, has neutralized the duality of other-same and created the ground for the emergence of an intrinsic philosophy.https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_97652_100e26e40e836e0b5491772d2b0dc0b8.pdfUniversity of Tehran PressPhilosophy of Religion2008-706321120240714Reviewing and criticizing the theory of "Ian Thomas Ramsey" about the language of religionReviewing and criticizing the theory of "Ian Thomas Ramsey" about the language of religion75889694910.22059/jpht.2024.368369.1006007FAMohammad HosseinMahdavinejadDepartment of Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, IranZainabShakibiDepartment of Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Payam Noor University, TehranYadalaRostamiDepartment of Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Payam Noor University, TehranAbdolrezaRamezanniaye ArbastanDepartment of Islamic Philosophy and Theology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20231120One of the unique views of the language of religion is the approach of Ian Thomas Ramsey, the Oxford bishop and philosopher of religion in the 1950s. The present article is written in a descriptive and analytical way to examine Ian Thomas Ramsey's perspective on the language of religion, and its main topics will include two topics; First, the explanation and description of knowledge of the language of religion by "Ian Thomas Ramsey "; Secondly; The language of secret speech about God and the justification of theological propositions. About the language of religion, Ian Ramsey believes in a kind of religious experience that can be achieved by describing theological phrases and words. Ramsey 's epistemological approach was to defend religious teachings against the critical position of Anthony Flew and Ayer regarding the irrefutability and meaninglessness of religious propositions. As a result, he believed that religious words and religious propositions, like scientific propositions, can contain meaning and in a certain situation contain revelation and have a unique type of experience. The most important issues and concerns of Ian Ramzi were giving an experimental place to the language of religion, understanding the semantic use of words, discovering the real affairs of the world by modeling and using metaphor in the method of understanding the theological language.One of the unique views of the language of religion is the approach of Ian Thomas Ramsey, the Oxford bishop and philosopher of religion in the 1950s. The present article is written in a descriptive and analytical way to examine Ian Thomas Ramsey's perspective on the language of religion, and its main topics will include two topics; First, the explanation and description of knowledge of the language of religion by "Ian Thomas Ramsey "; Secondly; The language of secret speech about God and the justification of theological propositions. About the language of religion, Ian Ramsey believes in a kind of religious experience that can be achieved by describing theological phrases and words. Ramsey 's epistemological approach was to defend religious teachings against the critical position of Anthony Flew and Ayer regarding the irrefutability and meaninglessness of religious propositions. As a result, he believed that religious words and religious propositions, like scientific propositions, can contain meaning and in a certain situation contain revelation and have a unique type of experience. The most important issues and concerns of Ian Ramzi were giving an experimental place to the language of religion, understanding the semantic use of words, discovering the real affairs of the world by modeling and using metaphor in the method of understanding the theological language.https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_96949_b4747ad6c895e84b0593d896c75e8df1.pdf