University of Tehran Press Philosophy of Religion 2008-7063 12 4 2015 12 22 Arius and Arianism in the Christianity: Grounds and Consequences Arius and Arianism in the Christianity: Grounds and Consequences 653 686 57430 10.22059/jpht.2015.57430 FA Hossain Kalbasi Ashtari Professor of Philosophy ,Allameh Tabatabaie University Hossain Kalbasi Ashtari Ph.D Candidate Student ,Philosophy of Religion, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies Journal Article 2015 08 24 The appearance of religious Phenomena namely "The Synods" in the history of Christianity ,have been frequently in order to opposition to innovations and creation of relative unity in the young statue of Christian society. Especially that the Christian primal centuries experiments various assortment of nations and according to it, assortment of attitudes and communicators and religious and sub religious sects. Research and analyze of the bases and the causes of shape the first synod in Christian history – namely “The Council of Nicaea” – contemplates as the greatest modes and segments of the Christian history and theology. The Council of Nicaea both intendant to resolve of the basis debates in Christian believes and developments the ground of genesis of afterward mutations. Although in order to protection of religious and political unity of The East Rome Caesarean in fourth century, opine about ideas of Arius (256-336) and predication of innovatory of his ideas was only one of the purposes of The Council of Nicaea, but yet it was also the greatest, as after publication of the Declaration of Athanasius and clear attachment of council against Arius .The Arianism movement as important occurrence in Christian history effect on it. In this paper, whilst we analysis the ideas of Arius especially his ideas about the essence of Trinity¢s second person, also will research concerning of reaction of other sects in that age especially formality viewpoint of the East Orthodox Church and ingeminate it¢s peripheral circumestances. The appearance of religious Phenomena namely "The Synods" in the history of Christianity ,have been frequently in order to opposition to innovations and creation of relative unity in the young statue of Christian society. Especially that the Christian primal centuries experiments various assortment of nations and according to it, assortment of attitudes and communicators and religious and sub religious sects. Research and analyze of the bases and the causes of shape the first synod in Christian history – namely “The Council of Nicaea” – contemplates as the greatest modes and segments of the Christian history and theology. The Council of Nicaea both intendant to resolve of the basis debates in Christian believes and developments the ground of genesis of afterward mutations. Although in order to protection of religious and political unity of The East Rome Caesarean in fourth century, opine about ideas of Arius (256-336) and predication of innovatory of his ideas was only one of the purposes of The Council of Nicaea, but yet it was also the greatest, as after publication of the Declaration of Athanasius and clear attachment of council against Arius .The Arianism movement as important occurrence in Christian history effect on it. In this paper, whilst we analysis the ideas of Arius especially his ideas about the essence of Trinity¢s second person, also will research concerning of reaction of other sects in that age especially formality viewpoint of the East Orthodox Church and ingeminate it¢s peripheral circumestances.

https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_57430_e9490eef9465a2adefefd3f97682c574.pdf

University of Tehran Press Philosophy of Religion 2008-7063 12 4 2015 12 22 Study of the intellectual and textual proofs for the theory of the synchrony of the creation of soul and body from the perspective of Mulla Sadra and eariy imamiyah thinkers Study of the intellectual and textual proofs for the theory of the synchrony of the creation of soul and body from the perspective of Mulla Sadra and eariy imamiyah thinkers 687 720 57431 10.22059/jpht.2015.57431 FA Mhammad Hossein Montazeri phD Candidate, kalam emamiye studies, University of Tehran, Iran Yahya Kabir Associate prof., University of Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2015 05 12 The dual nature of human existence, and having both physical and spiritual affairs have been accepted by religious scholars and divine philosophers . Most philosophers, especially Muslim philosophers, despite the disagreement on the way of soul creation have agreed About the soul creation itself and lack of its precedence over body .at least we can prove this idea with two arguments from Ebnesina in particular in SHIFA. Molla sadra has brought different arguments in favor of this idea. He accepted some of them and rejected others critics and likely questions. No doubt on the other hand, many evidences prove soul creation before body. This article takes care about the idea of coincidence of soul creation and body on which most Muslim philosophers agree. The author with regard for evaluation of philosophers' arguments who believe the thought and for criticism of their argument shows that the conflict between intellect and appearance of quotation is just a clammed conflict. The dual nature of human existence, and having both physical and spiritual affairs have been accepted by religious scholars and divine philosophers . Most philosophers, especially Muslim philosophers, despite the disagreement on the way of soul creation have agreed About the soul creation itself and lack of its precedence over body .at least we can prove this idea with two arguments from Ebnesina in particular in SHIFA. Molla sadra has brought different arguments in favor of this idea. He accepted some of them and rejected others critics and likely questions. No doubt on the other hand, many evidences prove soul creation before body. This article takes care about the idea of coincidence of soul creation and body on which most Muslim philosophers agree. The author with regard for evaluation of philosophers' arguments who believe the thought and for criticism of their argument shows that the conflict between intellect and appearance of quotation is just a clammed conflict.

https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_57431_19f21d6309d403b76ce444c47fe5605c.pdf

University of Tehran Press Philosophy of Religion 2008-7063 12 4 2015 12 22 Plantinga and rationality of Theism Plantinga and rationality of Theism 721 736 57432 10.22059/jpht.2015.57432 FA Hasan Ghanbari Associate professor,University of Tehran Journal Article 2015 10 07 In this article the rationality of faith in Plantinga's three major works is studied – the three works in which the author, while responding to the critiques, presents his viewpoints. In this contribution, Plantinga's line of argumentation in these books is sought and then, having explained his views, they are being analyzed. Hence, first his analogical argument is criticized and then it will be discussed that there is incoherence in his critiques of the evidentialism and foundationalism. It will be mentioned also, in the end, that his idea that the belief in God needs no evidence is a kind of fideism. In this article the rationality of faith in Plantinga's three major works is studied – the three works in which the author, while responding to the critiques, presents his viewpoints. In this contribution, Plantinga's line of argumentation in these books is sought and then, having explained his views, they are being analyzed. Hence, first his analogical argument is criticized and then it will be discussed that there is incoherence in his critiques of the evidentialism and foundationalism. It will be mentioned also, in the end, that his idea that the belief in God needs no evidence is a kind of fideism.

https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_57432_9024e8553989b6aded8412b31e984354.pdf

University of Tehran Press Philosophy of Religion 2008-7063 12 4 2015 12 22 A Critical Study of the Descriptive Evolutionary Ethics and the Empirical Ethics A Critical Study of the Descriptive Evolutionary Ethics and the Empirical Ethics 737 768 57433 10.22059/jpht.2015.57433 FA Farah Ramin Associate prof., University of Qom, Iran Journal Article 2015 10 26 This research is a new attempt in order to study the effect of evolution theory in the dimension of empirical ethics. In the contemporary area the evolutionary ethics is in the three branches: descriptive, prescriptive and meta-ethics. The descriptive evolutionary ethics tries to modify human’s ethical believes in the evolutionary aspect and achieves more share from two others part in this ground. Despite the descriptive evolutionary ethics, the prescriptive evolutionary ethics and meta-ethics deal with normative ethics. In this article, with the study of the three branches of evolutionary ethics and the separation of empirical ethics of ethics in the normative sense, we believe that despite accepting the biological effects on ethics, there are serious challenges to descriptive evolutionary ethics and it seems that this theory beside potential competitor theories, such as the independent moral thinking could survive. However, this theory is very seriously in conflict with the principles of religious morality. This research is a new attempt in order to study the effect of evolution theory in the dimension of empirical ethics. In the contemporary area the evolutionary ethics is in the three branches: descriptive, prescriptive and meta-ethics. The descriptive evolutionary ethics tries to modify human’s ethical believes in the evolutionary aspect and achieves more share from two others part in this ground. Despite the descriptive evolutionary ethics, the prescriptive evolutionary ethics and meta-ethics deal with normative ethics. In this article, with the study of the three branches of evolutionary ethics and the separation of empirical ethics of ethics in the normative sense, we believe that despite accepting the biological effects on ethics, there are serious challenges to descriptive evolutionary ethics and it seems that this theory beside potential competitor theories, such as the independent moral thinking could survive. However, this theory is very seriously in conflict with the principles of religious morality.

https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_57433_d7abde536812c77f63400fa7452888ee.pdf

University of Tehran Press Philosophy of Religion 2008-7063 12 4 2015 12 22 The Qur'an and the doctrine of the Non death of the soul The Qur'an and the doctrine of the Non death of the soul 769 794 57434 10.22059/jpht.2015.57434 FA Ali Rad Assistant Professor of Tehran University Journal Article 2015 11 10 Attenuation being one of the definitive teachings of the Qur'an in many verses are addressed.Verse "breath of Alamut taste" of Quranic gharar component in explaining the doctrine of faith and merit citations and references at the end of the Quran. A detailed explanation of the doctrine requires a response to at least four the nature، scope، and the process of death، based on the verse and the statement it is homogeneous. Outcome study showed that the two sects interpretations of the doctrine of the commentators، there is no single reading.The reason for this difference in interpretation of the impact of the default of the philosophical، anthropological، and literary interpretation of Scripture comes their way.I mentioned in response to questions، knowing the nature of death and destruction approach sees fit.AL-nafs In verse don't contains God' and man is just. It's just human body is death.Quran is silent about the death process. Attenuation being one of the definitive teachings of the Qur'an in many verses are addressed.Verse "breath of Alamut taste" of Quranic gharar component in explaining the doctrine of faith and merit citations and references at the end of the Quran. A detailed explanation of the doctrine requires a response to at least four the nature، scope، and the process of death، based on the verse and the statement it is homogeneous. Outcome study showed that the two sects interpretations of the doctrine of the commentators، there is no single reading.The reason for this difference in interpretation of the impact of the default of the philosophical، anthropological، and literary interpretation of Scripture comes their way.I mentioned in response to questions، knowing the nature of death and destruction approach sees fit.AL-nafs In verse don't contains God' and man is just. It's just human body is death.Quran is silent about the death process.

https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_57434_471272442b7dde09a2e8d13a2d06bb85.pdf

University of Tehran Press Philosophy of Religion 2008-7063 12 4 2015 12 22 Personal and social function of religion from the perspective of Avicenna Personal and social function of religion from the perspective of Avicenna 795 830 57435 10.22059/jpht.2015.57435 FA Zabih Motaharikhah Islamic Azad University tvysrkan Assistan Assistant Journal Article 2015 11 29 The function of religion, is an effect and developments that religion plays in human society. Religion has two important functions in the individual domain. First: Increase knowledge, Ibn Sina believes that only the prophets can come without training as a capacitor of facts. Second: soothing, Ibn sina belives that correct ideas are the agent of health.The most important social function of religion in the territory of the state is making law. Avicenna knows that religion is necessary for operation, legislation and solidity of society. Another function of religion is the alliance of society also. Ibn sina sancts what led to weakening the base of society. From the perspective of thinkers, some of the functions of religion are proprietary and do not have any replacing choice in science, philosophy and mysticism. The function of religion, is an effect and developments that religion plays in human society. Religion has two important functions in the individual domain. First: Increase knowledge, Ibn Sina believes that only the prophets can come without training as a capacitor of facts. Second: soothing, Ibn sina belives that correct ideas are the agent of health.The most important social function of religion in the territory of the state is making law. Avicenna knows that religion is necessary for operation, legislation and solidity of society. Another function of religion is the alliance of society also. Ibn sina sancts what led to weakening the base of society. From the perspective of thinkers, some of the functions of religion are proprietary and do not have any replacing choice in science, philosophy and mysticism. https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_57435_ca5de34aadfe1bd254ad914781c40e26.pdf

University of Tehran Press Philosophy of Religion 2008-7063 12 4 2015 12 22 Unity of Being in AllamehJafari’s perspective Unity of Being in AllamehJafari’s perspective 831 854 57436 10.22059/jpht.2015.57436 FA Abdollah Nasri Philosophy Professor in AllamehTabatabaei University Hamzeh Nadalizadeh PHD Student in Azad university Journal Article 2015 12 16 Perhaps, “unity” and “truth” can be regarded as the most controversial topics in the area of theology, philosophy and theoretical mysticism. Meanwhile, there are lots of views and differences of opinion between theologians, philosophers and mystics to which many literatures are dedicated. Theologians and Peripatetic philosophers have voted separation (Beynoonat) of Creator and Creature; Eastern visionaries believe in some kinds of unity including multiplicity. By following Fahlavyoon and mystics, the founder of “Transcendental Wisdom” (Hekmat e Motalie) propounded the Tshkiki unity and then a kind of hypostatic unity of beings (vahdat e shakhsi), respectively. Mystics also regard the hypostatic unity of beings as the most accurate vote. One of the contemporary thinkers, Professor Mohammad TaqiJafari, has also discussed this subject anywhere in his books, and apparently is in opposition to the hypostatic unity of being. In this article, we bring up and review his points of view as well as recognize his prospective on the "relationship between Creator and creature". We concluded that Professor Jafari's views have to be considered in two aspects. He cash the "Unity of Being" by pantheism looking in first position, while in the second perspective view of his scientific life accept the Personal unity of being. Perhaps, “unity” and “truth” can be regarded as the most controversial topics in the area of theology, philosophy and theoretical mysticism. Meanwhile, there are lots of views and differences of opinion between theologians, philosophers and mystics to which many literatures are dedicated. Theologians and Peripatetic philosophers have voted separation (Beynoonat) of Creator and Creature; Eastern visionaries believe in some kinds of unity including multiplicity. By following Fahlavyoon and mystics, the founder of “Transcendental Wisdom” (Hekmat e Motalie) propounded the Tshkiki unity and then a kind of hypostatic unity of beings (vahdat e shakhsi), respectively. Mystics also regard the hypostatic unity of beings as the most accurate vote. One of the contemporary thinkers, Professor Mohammad TaqiJafari, has also discussed this subject anywhere in his books, and apparently is in opposition to the hypostatic unity of being. In this article, we bring up and review his points of view as well as recognize his prospective on the "relationship between Creator and creature". We concluded that Professor Jafari's views have to be considered in two aspects. He cash the "Unity of Being" by pantheism looking in first position, while in the second perspective view of his scientific life accept the Personal unity of being.

https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_57436_65995dc8948ff42138566f7f8c4f194f.pdf

University of Tehran Press Philosophy of Religion 2008-7063 12 4 2015 12 22 Explaining Mulla Sadra Philosophical Thought Method Principles Explaining Mulla Sadra Philosophical Thought Method Principles 855 884 57437 10.22059/jpht.2015.57437 FA Abolfazl Mazinani MS graduate in Islamic philosophy of Allameh Tabataba'i University Hooran Akbarzadeh assistant professor and member of the scientific board of philosophy department Allameh Tabataba'i University Journal Article 2015 12 26 Regarding Sadr-ol-Mote'allehin philosophical method, various opinions have been proposed from Sadra researchers, each of which monitors a part of Sadra’s philosophical method or it has paved a way which is different from Sadra’s method and transcendent theosophy orators expositions and it is sometimes converse. His four methodological principles, i.e. purposeful combination of three mystical resources of theosophy, Qur'an and the argument in one direction, using the above mystical sources in judgment and collection position, systematic and pluralistic using of predecessor thinkers opinions and the systematic using of three foundations: the nation’s opinion, the unity of skepticism existence and personal unity of the existence have been analyzed in this script by analyzing Sadra attitudes toward different mystical resources and investigating different aspects of Sadra dealing with philosophical issues. Regarding Sadr-ol-Mote'allehin philosophical method, various opinions have been proposed from Sadra researchers, each of which monitors a part of Sadra’s philosophical method or it has paved a way which is different from Sadra’s method and transcendent theosophy orators expositions and it is sometimes converse. His four methodological principles, i.e. purposeful combination of three mystical resources of theosophy, Qur'an and the argument in one direction, using the above mystical sources in judgment and collection position, systematic and pluralistic using of predecessor thinkers opinions and the systematic using of three foundations: the nation’s opinion, the unity of skepticism existence and personal unity of the existence have been analyzed in this script by analyzing Sadra attitudes toward different mystical resources and investigating different aspects of Sadra dealing with philosophical issues.

https://jpht.ut.ac.ir/article_57437_0f870015d66fde662c0435f901f667a7.pdf